Here the judges were senators chosen by the Emperor and representatives of certain bestate/b organizations selected by the Minister of the Interior. Departures from the criminal code of 1864 were permitted in the OPPS, the closing of trials to the b...../b 49 K. bShavrov/b, "Predanie voennomu sudu grazhdanskikh lits dlia suzhdeniia 'po zakonam voennogo vremeni'," Pravo, 1901, no. 10, pp. 524-25; Ognev, p. 189-90. On civilian lawyers and the Rechtsstaat idea see Richard Wortman, ...
